Table of Contents

Table of Contents#

Front Matter#

  • Preface

  • Copyright and Citation

  • Dedication and Acknowledgments

  • About the Authors

Part I — Describing the World in Numbers#

Chapter 1 — The Vitals of Data Understanding Study Design and Levels of Measurement Observational vs experimental design · Categorical vs continuous data · Nominal · Ordinal · Interval · Ratio · The datasets classified · Lab: Loading observational and experimental datasets in R

Chapter 2 — The Middle and the Mess Measures of Central Tendency and Variability Mean · Median · Mode · Range · Variance · Standard deviation · Bessel’s correction · Skewness · Box plots · Lab: Descriptive statistics for blood pressure and cholesterol

Chapter 3 — The Margin of Error Uncertainty, Sampling, and Confidence Intervals Population parameters vs sample statistics · Standard error · 95% Confidence interval · Accuracy vs precision · Bias · Lab: Computing and interpreting CIs for key Framingham variables

Part II — Testing What We Think We Know#

Chapter 4 — The Laws of Chance Probability Distributions and Normality Assessment Normal distribution · Empirical Rule · Binomial · Poisson · Central Limit Theorem · Histogram · Q-Q plot · Shapiro-Wilk test · Epidemic curves · Lab: Normality assessment in PSPP and R

Chapter 5 — The Hypothesis Gamble Hypothesis Testing, P-Values, and Statistical Power Sampling methods · H₀ and H₁ · P-value and its four misinterpretations · Type I and II errors · Statistical power · One-sample t-test · Lab: Is mean systolic BP different from a reference value?

Chapter 6 — A Tale of Two Groups Independent and Paired Samples T-Tests Independent vs paired design · Levene’s test · Welch’s correction · Paired difference scores · Lab: Comparing blood pressure by smoking status; evaluating weight change in a clinical trial

Part III — Comparing More Than Two Groups#

Chapter 7 — Scaling Up ANOVA, Chi-Square, and Categorical Comparisons Multiple comparisons problem · FWER · One-way ANOVA · F-statistic · Tukey’s HSD · η² · Comparing proportions · RR and RD · Chi-Square · Fisher’s Exact Test · Cramér’s V · Lab: Cholesterol across education groups; therapy type by weight gain; smoking × CHD association

Chapter 8 — Reading the Future Correlation, Regression, and Survival Analysis Pearson’s r · Spearman’s rho · Correlation vs causation · Simple linear regression · β₀ and β₁ · R² · Regression assumptions · Kaplan-Meier curves · Log-rank test · Lab: Age predicts systolic BP; baseline weight predicts follow-up weight; survival by smoking status

Part IV — Putting It All Together#

Chapter 9 — The Full Picture Course Review and Examination Preparation Course summary table · Key formulas · Effect size reference · Four-step test selection guide · APA reporting templates · PSPP cheat sheet · R cheat sheet · Epidemiology measures reference

Appendices#

  • Appendix A — Data Dictionaries: Observational and Experimental Datasets

  • Appendix B — Statistical Glossary (63 terms, A–Z)

Back Matter#

  • References and Further Reading

  • How to Contribute

Contents